1. Graziano F, DeAntoni A, Balla D, Manfrin L, Genta EO, Brusamolin L, et al. Prevalence and relation to training of electrocardiographic findings in Caucasian children and adolescents 8-to 18-year-old practicing competitive sport. Europace. 2025; 27(10):euaf180. doi: 10.1093/europace/euaf180
2. Weberruß H, Engl T, Baumgartner L, Mühlbauer F, Shehu N, Oberhoffer-Fritz R. Cardiac Structure and Function in Junior Athletes: A Systematic Review of Echocardiographic Studies. Rev Cardiovasc Med, 2022; 23(4):129. doi: 10.31083/j.rcm2304129
3. Krysztofiak H, Młyńczak M, Folga A, Braksator W, Małek LA. Normal values for left ventricular mass in relation to lean body mass in child and adolescent athletes. Pediatr Cardiol. 2019; 40(1):204-208. doi: 10.1007/s00246-018-1982-9
4. Unnithan VB, Beaumont A, Rowland TW, Sculthorpe N, George K, Lord R, et al. The influence of training status on right ventricular morphology and segmental strain in elite pre-adolescent soccer players. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021; 121(5):1419-1429. doi: 10.1007/s00421-021-04634-3
5. Rowland T. Morphologic features of the “athlete’s heart” in children: a contemporary review. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2016; 28(3):345-52. doi: 10.1123/pes.2015-0239
6. FUnnithan VB, Beaumont A, Rowland T, George K, Sculthorpe N, Lord RN, Bakhshi A, Oxborough D. Left ventricular responses during exercise in highly trained youth athletes: Echocardiographic insights on function and adaptation. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2022; 9(12):438. doi: 10.3390/jcdd9120438
7. Stuart G, Pieles GE. The athlete's heart in children and adolescents. The ESC Textbook of Sports Cardiology, 2019. doi: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.1786
8. Gerling S, Pollinger T, Michel H, Dechant M, Melter M, Krutsch W. Z-score values of left ventricular dimensions in adolescent elite male soccer players. Eur J Pediatr. 2021; 180(1):299-302. doi: 10.1007/s00431-020-03741-1
9. Gökhan I, Kurkcu R, Çekin R. Comparison of blood lipids, blood pressures and left ventricular cavity dimension between soccer players and non-athletes. Educational Research and Reviews. 2013; 8 (15): 1310-3. doi: 10.1080/14737175.2023.2250913
10. Sagiv M, Sagiv M, Ben-Sira D. Weight lifting training and left ventricular function in adolescent subjects. Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2007; 47(3):329-34. PMID: 17641601
11. Unnithan VB, Beaumont A, Rowland T, George K, Stewart L, Sculthorpe N, Lord RN, Oxborough DL. The effect of long-term soccer training on left ventricular structure and function in elite male youth soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2024; 34(3):e14594. doi: 10.1111/sms.14594
12. Unnithan VB, Rowland TW, George K, Lord R, Oxborough D. Left ventricular function during exercise in trained pre-adolescent soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018; 28(11):2330-2338. doi: 10.1111/sms.13258
13. Pelà G, Crocamo A, Calzi ML, Gianfreda M, Gioia MI, Visioli F, et al. Sex-related differences in left ventricular structure in early adolescent non-professional athletes. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016; 23(7):777-84. doi: 10.1177/2047487315608826
14. Somauroo JD, Pyatt JR, Jackson M, Perry RA, Ramsdale DR. An echocardiographic assessment of cardiac morphology and common ECG findings in teenage professional soccer players: reference ranges for use in screening. Heart. 2001; 85(6):649-54. doi: 10.1136/heart.85.6.649
15. Cavarretta E, Maffessanti F, Sperandii F, Guerra E, Quaranta F, Nigro A, et al. Reference values of left heart echocardiographic dimensions and mass in male peri-pubertal athletes. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2018; 25(11):1204-1215. doi: 10.1177/2047487318776084
16. Zdravkovic M, Perunicic J, Krotin M, Ristic M, Vukomanovic V, Soldatovic I, et al. Echocardiographic study of early left ventricular remodeling in highly trained preadolescent footballers. J Sci Med Sport. 2010; 13(6):602-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2010.03.005
17. Kim N, Park H, Sohn S, Yang I. Cardiac remodeling in elite young Asian female soccer players. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2024; 15:11:1404780. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1404780
18. World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Participants. JAMA. 2024. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.21972
19. Goldberg P. (1972). The detection of Psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire. Maudsley Monograph No. 21. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
20. Kurbel S, Zucic D, Vrbanec D, Plestina S. Comparison of BMI and the body mass/body surface ratio: Is BMI a biased tool? Coll Antropol. 2008; 32(1):299-301. PMID: 18494217
21. Mosteller RD. Simplified calculation of body-surface area. N Engl J Med. 1987; 317(17): 1098.
22. Sahn DJ, Demaria A, Kisslo J, Weyman A. The committee on M-mode standardization of the American Society of echocardiography results of a survey of echocardiographic measurements. Circulation. 1978; 58(6):1072-83. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.58.6.1072
23. Al-Hazzaa HM, Chukwuemeka AC. (2001). Echocardiographic dimensions and maximal oxygen uptake in elite soccer players. Saudi Med J. 22(4):320-5. PMID: 11331488
24. Kanakis C, Hickson RC. Left ventricular responses to a program of lower limb Strength training. Chest. 1980; 78(4):618-21. doi: 10.1378/chest.78.4.618
25. Gottdiener JS, Bednarz J, Devereux R, Gardin J, Klein A, Manning WJ, Morehead A, Kitzman D, Oh J, Quinones M, Schiller NB, Stein JH, Weissman NJ. American Society of Echocardiography recommendations for use of echocardiography in clinical trials. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2004; 17(10):1086-119. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2004.07.013
26. Devereux RB, Liebson PR, Horan MJ. Recommendations concerning the use of echocardiography in hypertension and general population research. Hypertension. 1987; 9(2 Pt 2):II97-104. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.9.2_pt_2.ii97
27. Venckunas T, Raugaliene R, Jankauskiene E. Structure and function of distance runners’ heart. Medicina (Kaunas). 2005; 41(8):685-92. PMID: 16160417
28. Venckunas T, Lionikas A, Marcinkeviciene JE, Raugaliene R, Alekrinskis A, Stasiulis A. Echocardiographic parameters in athletes of different sports. J Sports Sci Med. 2008; 7(1):151-6. PMCID: PMC3763341
29. Roman MJ, Saba S, Pini R, Spitzer M, Pickering TG, Rosen S, Alderman MH, Deveruex RB. Parallel cardiac and vascular adaptation in hypertension. Circulation. 1992; 86(6):1909-18. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.86.6.1909.
30. Krumholz HM, Larson M, Levy D. Prognosis of left ventricular geometric patterns in the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 25(4):879-84. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(94)00473-4
31. Schiller NB, Shan PM, Crawford M, DeMaria A, Devereux R, Feigenbaum H, et al. Recommendations for quantitation of the left ventricle by twodimensionalechocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1989; 2(5):358-67. doi: 10.1016/s0894-7317(89)80014-8
32. Anderson B. Echocardiography: The normal Examination and Echocardiographic Measurements. 1st Ed, Manly, Queensland: MGA Graphics, 2000.
33. Feigenbaum H, Armstrong W, Ryan T. Feigenbaum’s echocardiography. 6th ed. London: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
34. Edenfield KM, Reifsteck F, Carek S, Harmon KG, Asken BM, Dillon MC, Street J, Clugston JR. Echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and interventricular septal diameter in collegiate football athletes at preparticipation evaluation referenced to body surface area. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2019; 5(1):e000488. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000488
35. Kandels J, Metze M, Stöbe S, Do L, Möbius-Winkler MN, Antoniadis M, et al. Long-Term Follow-Up of Professional Soccer Players: The Analyses of Left and Right Heart Morphology and Function by Conventional, Three-Dimensional, and Deformation Analyses. Diagnostics (Basel). 2025; 15(14):1745. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics15141745
36. Azoz AM, Alshehri AM, Shaheen HA, Farrag YA, Muaidi QI, Youssef AA. Functional and structural changes in soccer players′ heart and the risk for sudden cardiac death. Saudi Journal of Sports Medicine. 2015; 15(1): 74-81. doi: 10.4103/1319-6308.146352
37. Tumuklu MM, Ildizli M, Ceyhan K, Cinar CS. Alterations in left ventricular structure and diastolic function in professional football players: assessment by tissue Doppler imaging and left ventricular flow propagation velocity. Echocardiography. 2007; 24(2):140-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2007.00367.x
38. Fleck S.J. Cardiovascular responses to strength training. In: Komi PV, (editor). Strength and power for sport. Oxford: Blackwell science. Olympic Encydopedia of Sports Medician. Volume III: 2003. P 387.
39. Robergs R, Roberts S. Fundamental Principles of Exercise Physiology: For Fitness, Performance and Health. Boston: McGraw-Hill; illustrated edition. 1999.
40. Fox EL. Mathews DK. The Physiological Basis of Physical Education and Athletics, third edition. Philadelphia, Saunders College Publishing, 1981.
41. Chen X. Analysis of Athlete's Heart Pumping Function and Echocardiography. Investigación Clínica. 2020; 61 (1): 147-153. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.101.3.336
42. Kaunang ED, Metusala JGC, Wahani AMI. Left ventricular mass in male adolescent athletes and non-athletes. 2024; 54(5): 305- 8. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200305001-01763
43. Nassar YS, Saber M, Farhan A, Moussa A, Elsherif A. One year cardiac follow up of young world cup football team compared to nonathletes. The Egyptian Heart Journal. 2011; 63(1):13–22. doi: 10.1016/j.ehj.2011.08.034
44. Csecs I, Czimbalmos C, Toth A, Dohy Z, Suhai IF, Szabo L, et al. The impact of sex, age and training on biventricular cardiac adaptation in healthy adult and adolescent athletes: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020 Mar; 27(5):540-549. doi: 10.1177/2047487319866019
45. Yantie NPVK, Purnamawati IAP, Wati DK, Ariawati K. Differences in Heart Rate, Left Ventricular Wall Mass and Thickness, Diastolic Function, and Cardiac Output Index between Adolescent Athlete and Non-athlete Adolescents. Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2022; 10(B):1576-1581. doi: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.7998
46. Camargo MD, Stein R, Ribeiro JP, Schvartzman PR, Rizzatti MO, Schaan BD. Circuit weight training and cardiac morphology: a trial with magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Sports Med. 2008; 42(2):141-5; discussion 145. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2007.038281
47. Haykowsky MJ, Quinney HA, Gillis R, Thompson CR. Left ventricular morphology in junior and master resistance trained athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000; 32(2):349-52. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200002000-00013
48. Pelà G, Calzi ML, Crocamo A, Pattoneri P, Goldoni M, Anedda A, et al. Ethnicity-related variations of left ventricular remodeling in adolescent amateur football players. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015; 25(3):382-9. doi: 10.1111/sms.12238
49. Effron M.B. Effects of resistance training on left ventricular function. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1989; 21(6):694-7. doi: 10.1249/00005768-198912000-00013
50. Colan SD. Mechanics of left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in physiologic hypertrophy of the athlete’s heart. Cardiol Clin. 1997; 15(3): 355-372. doi: 10.1016/s0733-8651(05)70345-3
